Bird, whole system (Gross, Low)

Structure List Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Ventriculus (gizzard) Small intestine Liver Pancreas Ceca Colon Cloaca Testes Ductus Deferens

Birds typically have two CECA at the beginning of the large intestine. The ceca of plant eating birds are long and lodge colonies of bacteria that produce cellulase and digest cellulose. A colic cecum is lacking in parrots, woodpeckers and some others.