- The conchae of the nasal cavity increase surface area and produce a turbulant flow to help filter, warm, and humidify the air
- The larynx protects the entrance to the trachea and contains the vocal folds (cords)The syrinx provides the vocalization function in birds.
- The airways are built on a basic plan of an epithelial lined mucosa, surrounded by a submucosal layer, which is in turn surrounded by an adventitia layer containing cartilage and smooth muscle.
- The trachea contains mucus producing and ciliated cells which trap and remove debris. The bird trachea has complete cartilage rings, superficial mucous cells, a small submucosa, and little muscle. The dog has extensive mucosal glands in a large submucosa, incomplete cartilage rings and more muscle.
- The bronchi of the bird consist of only two generations, while the mammal has many generations of branching. The walls of bronchi contain pseudostratified columnar epithelium with mucus producing cells and small cartilage plates.
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