Turbulence in and above plant canopies and the soil; Gaseous, particulate, momentum, and energy exchange between plant canopies and the atmosphere, including evapotranspiration, carbon dioxide fluxes, bioaerosols, and isotopic fluxes. Large Eddy Simulation, Higher-Order Closure Turbulent Transport Models (linked to widely-used Regional Scale Models such as MM5,WRF), two-stream Radiation models in plant canopies, experiments on turbulent flows in the field and wind tunnels, development of new methods of measuring turbulent exchange (surface renewal).